"Champagne" legally restricted to French region. "Parmesan" vs "Parmigiano-Reggiano" = EU court battles. "Greek Yogurt" from Turkey = illegal in EU. Geographic indicators = legal minefields.
Protected Designation Systems
PDO (Protected Designation of Origin): Champagne, Roquefort, Feta. PGI (Protected Geographical Indication): Scotch Whisky, Irish Cream. TSG (Traditional Speciality Guaranteed): Mozzarella. Can't use these names if product not from region.
The Genericide Exception
"Cheddar" became generic (any country can make). "Camembert" generic outside France. "Parmesan" generic in US, protected in EU. Jurisdiction matters. Same word, different legality.
Translation Tricks
Can't say "Champagne." Can say "sparkling wine, traditional method." Can't say "Parma Ham." Can say "Italian cured ham." Descriptive alternatives legal, direct names banned.
Brand Name Impact
Want to name restaurant "Champagne Bar"? Legal if selling actual Champagne. Illegal if generic sparkling wine. Name implies product authenticity. Misleading = violation.
The Evocation Rule
"Champers," "Shampain," phonetic equivalents = also banned. EUIPO considers sound-alikes evocation of protected term. Can't dodge via misspelling.
Industry-Specific Traps
Food/beverage = heavily protected (1,500+ EU GIs). Fashion: "Harris Tweed" protected. Crafts: "Murano Glass" protected. Check industry-specific GI databases before naming.
Non-EU Strategy
Sell only outside EU? GI restrictions don't apply. "California Champagne" legal in US, banned in EU. Geographic market selection = determines naming freedom.
Trademark Lens checks trademarks but not geographic indicators - separate GI database search required for food/beverage/craft brands entering EU.